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Abstract Background Pesticides, mainly organophosphates (OP), have been related to increased risk of pemphigus vulgaris (PV) and pemphigus foliaceus (PF), nevertheless, their measurement has not been determined in pemphigus patients. Objective To evaluate pesticide exposure and pesticide measurement, comparing PV, PF and control groups in Southeastern Brazil. Methods Information about urban or rural residency and exposure to pesticides at the onset of pemphigus was assessed by questionnaire interview; hair samples from the scalp of PV, PF, and controls were tested for OP and organochlorines (OC) by gas-phase chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Results The minority of PV (2 [7.1%] of 28) and PF (7 [18%] of 39), but none of the 48 controls, informed living in rural areas at the onset of pemphigus (p = 0.2853). PV (33.3%), PF (38.5%), and controls (20%) informed exposure to pesticides (p = 0.186). Twenty-one (14.8%) of 142 individuals tested positive for OP and/or OC: PV (2 [6.3%] of 32) and PF (11 [25.6%] of 43) had similar pesticides contamination as controls (8 [11.9%] of 67) (p = 0.4928; p = 0.0753, respectively), but PF presented higher contamination than PV (p = 0.034). PV did not present any positivity for OP. Three (7%) PF tested positive for both OP and OC. Some PF tested positive for three or four OP, mainly diazinon and dichlorvos. Study limitation Lack of data for some controls. Conclusion Although the frequency of PV and PF patients exposed to pesticides was similar, pesticides were more frequently detected in hair samples from PF compared to PV. The cause-effect relationship still needs to be determined.
RESUMO
FUNDAMENTO: Há dois tipos principais de pênfigo: pênfigo vulgar e pênfigo foliáceo. Nos últimos anos, mudanças clínicas e epidemiológicas relacionadas aos pênfigos têm sido observadas. OBJETIVOS: Teve-se por objetivo analisar uma série histórica de 21 anos de casos de pênfigo vulgar e pênfigo foliáceo no nordeste do estado de São Paulo, área endêmica para o pênfigo foliáceo. MÉTODOS: Neste estudo descritivo, foram analisados os dados relacionados à incidência anual e à idade de início do quadro clínico compatível com pênfigo vulgar ou pênfigo foliáceo, no período de 1988 a 2008, comparando-se ambas as formas de pênfigo. RESULTADOS: O conjunto dos resultados abrange um período de 21 anos, com 103 casos de pênfigo vulgar e 163 casos de pênfigo foliáceo. A comparação das linhas de tendência em relação à incidência mostrou ser esta decrescente para o pênfigo foliáceo em comparação àquela de crescimento para o pênfigo vulgar. Houve variação ampla nas faixas de idade, com persistência da faixa mínima de 10 a 20 anos para o pênfigo foliáceo (média de idade de 32,1 anos), e clara tendência de diminuição da idade mínima para o pênfigo vulgar (média de idade de 41,5 anos), principalmente a partir da metade da primeira década do período total analisado. CONCLUSÕES: A incidência do pênfigo vulgar ultrapassa aquela do pênfigo foliáceo a partir de 1998, permanecendo assim até os dias de hoje. Esta série histórica de 21 anos vem consubstanciar a modificação da epidemiologia dos pênfigos no Brasil, suscitando novas hipóteses para a sua etiopatogênese.
BACKGROUND: There are two main clinical subsets of pemphigus: pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus. Clinical and epidemiological changes related to both types of pemphigus have been observed in the last years. OBJECTIVES: To analyze a 21-year historical case series of pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus in the northeast region of the state of Sao Paulo, where pemphigus foliaceus is endemic. METHODS: In this descriptive study, data related to annual incidence and age of onset of symptoms compatible with pemphigus vulgaris or pemphigus foliaceus were analyzed, comparing both forms, in the period from 1988 to 2008. RESULTS: The overall results cover a period of 21 years, with 103 cases of pemphigus vulgaris and 163 cases of pemphigus foliaceus. An evaluation of the trend lines regarding incidence has shown that pemphigus foliaceus is decreasing while pemphigus vulgaris is increasing. There was great variation in the age ranges, with persistence of the minimum range, from 10 to 20 years old, for pemphigus foliaceus (mean age = 32.1 years old), and clear downward in the minimum age for pemphigus vulgaris (mean age = 41.5 years old), especially from the middle of the first decade of the total period studied. CONCLUSION: The incidence of pemphigus vulgaris has been exceeding that of pemphigus foliaceus since 1998. The results of this case series comprehending 21 years corroborate the change in the epidemiology of both clinical forms of pemphigus in Brazil, raising new hypotheses for their etiology and pathogenesis.